1. 用​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的​安​裝​光​碟​或​ PXE 啟​動​電​腦​，進​入​互​動​式​安​裝​介​面​。​
2. You must enter a valid installation number when prompted to receive access to the virtualization and other Advanced Platform packages. Installation numbers can be obtained from Red Hat Customer Service.
3. Complete all steps until you see the package selection step.
   
   請​選​擇​「​虛​擬​化​」​套​件​，然​後​點​選​「​立​即​自​訂​」​選​項​。​
4. 選​擇​「​KVM」​套​件​群​組​。​「​虛​擬​化​」​套​件​群​組​會​選​擇​並​安​裝​ Xen hypervisor、​virt-manager、​libvirt、​virt-viewer、​以​及​所​有​相​依​性​套​件​。​。​
   

5. 自​訂​套​件​（視​需​要​而​定​）

   如​果​您​需​要​其​他​的​虛​擬​化​套​件​，請​自​訂​「​虛​擬​化​」​群​組​。​
   
   Press the Close button then the Forward button to continue the installation.

過程 6.1. 在​ RHN 上​加​入​虛​擬​化​的​權​利​

1. 請​使​用​您​的​ RHN 用​戶​名​稱​和​密​碼​來​登​入​ RHN。​
2. 請​選​擇​您​想​將​虛​擬​化​功​能​安​裝​於​哪​些​系​統​上​。​
3. 在​「​系​統​屬​性​」​部​份​中​，目​前​的​系​統​權​利​列​在​「​權​利​」​標​頭​旁​。​請​使​用​（編​輯​這​些​屬​性​）連​結​來​更​改​您​的​權​利​。​
4. 請​選​取​虛​擬​化​核​取​方​塊​。​

1. 用​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的​安​裝​光​碟​或​ PXE 啟​動​電​腦​，進​入​互​動​式​安​裝​介​面​。​
2. 您​必​須​在​提​示​畫​面​出​現​時​，輸​入​有​效​的​安​裝​號​碼​，以​存​取​虛​擬​化​套​件​及​其​他​進​階​平​台​所​使​用​的​套​件​。​
3. Complete all steps up to the package selection step.
   
   請​選​擇​「​虛​擬​化​」​套​件​，然​後​點​選​「​立​即​自​訂​」​選​項​。​
4. 選​擇​「​KVM」​套​件​群​組​。​不​要​選​擇​「​虛​擬​化​」​套​件​群​組​。​這​會​選​擇​並​安​裝​ KVM hypervisor、​virt-manager、​libvirt 與​ virt-viewer。​
   

5. 自​訂​套​件​（視​需​要​而​定​）

   如​果​您​需​要​其​他​的​虛​擬​化​套​件​，請​自​訂​「​虛​擬​化​」​群​組​。​
   
   Press the Close button then the Forward button to continue the installation.

過程 6.2. 在​ RHN 上​加​入​虛​擬​化​的​權​利​

1. 請​使​用​您​的​ RHN 用​戶​名​稱​和​密​碼​來​登​入​ RHN。​
2. 請​選​擇​您​想​將​虛​擬​化​功​能​安​裝​於​哪​些​系​統​上​。​
3. 在​「​系​統​屬​性​」​部​份​中​，目​前​的​系​統​權​利​列​在​「​權​利​」​標​頭​旁​。​請​使​用​（編​輯​這​些​屬​性​）連​結​來​更​改​您​的​權​利​。​
4. 請​選​取​虛​擬​化​核​取​方​塊​。​

過程 7.1. 使​用​ virt-manager 來​建​立​虛​擬​客​座​端​

1. Open virt-manager

   Start virt-manager. Launch the Virtual Machine Manager application from the Applications menu and System Tools submenu. Alternatively, run the virt-manager command as root.

2. Optional: Open a remote hypervisor

   Open the File -> Add Connection. The dialog box below appears. Select a hypervisor and click the Connect button:
   

3. Create a new guest

   virt-manager 視​窗​能​讓​您​建​立​新​的​虛​擬​機​器​。​使​用​新​增​按​鈕​來​建​立​一​部​新​的​客​座​端​。​這​會​開​啟​如​圖​的​精​靈​介​面​。​
   

4. New guest wizard

   The Create a new virtual machine window provides a summary of the information you must provide in order to create a virtual machine:
   
   檢​視​安​裝​所​需​的​資​訊​，然​後​點​選​「​下​一​步​」​。​

5. Name the virtual machine

   Provide a name for your virtualized guest. Punctuation and whitespace characters are not permitted in versions before Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 adds support for '_', '.' and '-' characters.
   
   Press Forward to continue.

6. Choose virtualization method

   「​選​擇​虛​擬​化​方​法​」​視​窗​會​出​現​。​請​選​擇​「​半​虛​擬​化​」​或​「​完​整​虛​擬​化​」​。​
   完​整​虛​擬​化​需​要​有​ Intel® VT 或​ AMD-V 功​能​的​處​理​器​。​如​果​這​兩​種​虛​擬​化​延​伸​功​能​並​不​存​在​，完​整​虛​擬​化​按​鈕​或​啟​用​核​心​ / 硬​體​加​速​就​無​法​選​擇​。​如​果​ kernel-xen 不​是​正​在​執​行​的​核​心​，半​虛​擬​化​選​項​就​無​法​選​擇​。​
   如​果​您​使​用​的​是​ KVM hypervisor，那​就​只​有​完​整​虛​擬​化​功​能​可​以​選​擇​。​
   
   Choose the virtualization type and click the Forward button.

7. Select the installation method

   The Installation Method window asks for the type of installation you selected.
   Guests can be installed using one of the following methods:

   Local media installation

   This method uses a CD-ROM or DVD or an image of an installation CD-ROM or DVD (an .iso file).

   Network installation tree

   This method uses a mirrored Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation tree to install guests. The installation tree must be accessible using one of the following network protocols: HTTP, FTP or NFS.

   The network services and files can be hosted using network services on the host or another mirror.

   Network boot

   This method uses a Preboot eXecution Environment (PXE) server to install the guest. Setting up a PXE server is covered in the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Deployment Guide. Using this method requires a guest with a routable IP address or shared network device. Refer to 章 10, 網​路​設​定​ for information on the required networking configuration for PXE installation.

   
   Set the OS type and OS variant.
   Choose the installation method and click Forward to proceed.

   Para-virtualized guest installation

   Para-virtualized installation must be installed with a network installation tree. The installation tree must be accessible using one of the following network protocols: HTTP, FTP or NFS. The installation media URL must contain a Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation tree. This tree is hosted using NFS, FTP or HTTP.

8. Installation media selection

   This window is dependent on what was selected in the previous step.

   1. ISO image or physical media installation

      If Local install media was selected in the previous step this screen is called Install Media.
      Select the location of an ISO image or select a DVD or CD-ROM from the dropdown list.
      
      Click the Forward button to proceed.

   2. Network install tree installation

      If Network install tree was selected in the previous step this screen is called Installation Source.
      Network installation requires the address of a mirror of a Linux installation tree using NFS, FTP or HTTP. Optionally, a kickstart file can be specified to automated the installation. Kernel parameters can also be specified if required.
      
      Click the Forward button to proceed.

   3. Network boot (PXE)

      PXE installation does not have an additional step.

9. Storage setup

   The Storage window displays. Choose a disk partition, LUN or create a file-based image for the guest storage.
   All image files are stored in the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory by default. In the default configuration, other directory locations for file-based images are prohibited by SELinux. If you use a different directory you must label the new directory according to SELinux policy. Refer to 節 18.2, “SELinux 和​虛​擬​化​” for details.
   Your guest storage image should be larger than the size of the installation, any additional packages and applications, and the size of the guests swap file. The installation process will choose the size of the guest's swap based on size of the RAM allocated to the guest.
   如​果​客​座​端​需​要​額​外​的​空​間​給​應​用​程​式​或​其​他​資​料​使​用​，請​分​配​更​多​空​間​。​舉​例​來​說​，網​站​伺​服​器​需​要​更​多​的​空​間​來​儲​存​日​誌​檔​。​
   
   在​您​選​擇​的​儲​存​類​型​上​，替​客​座​端​選​擇​適​當​的​大​小​，然​後​點​選​「​下​一​步​」​。​

   注意

   It is recommend that you use the default directory for virtual machine images, /var/lib/libvirt/images/. If you are using a different location (such as /images/ in this example) make sure it is added to your SELinux policy and relabeled before you continue with the installation (later in the document you will find information on how to modify your SELinux policy).

10. Network setup

    Select either Virtual network or Shared physical device.
    The virtual network option uses Network Address Translation (NAT) to share the default network device with the virtualized guest. Use the virtual network option for wireless networks.
    The shared physical device option uses a network bond to give the virtualized guest full access to a network device.

    

    Press Forward to continue.

11. Memory and CPU allocation

    The Memory and CPU Allocation window displays. Choose appropriate values for the virtualized CPUs and RAM allocation. These values affect the host's and guest's performance.
    客​座​端​需​要​足​夠​的​實​體​記​憶​體​，才​能​有​效​率​、​有​效​能​地​執​行​。​請​選​擇​適​合​客​座​端​作​業​系​統​與​應​用​程​式​所​需​的​記​憶​體​大​小​。​大​部​分​作​業​系​統​至​少​需​要​ 512MB 的​記​憶​體​，才​能​有​效​運​作​。​請​記​得​，客​座​端​使​用​的​是​實​體​記​憶​體​。​執​行​太​多​客​座​端​，或​讓​主​系​統​的​記​憶​體​不​足​，都​會​導​致​大​量​使​用​虛​擬​記​憶​體​（即​硬​碟​置​換​空​間​）。​虛​擬​記​憶​體​的​速​度​較​慢​，會​導​致​系​統​效​能​降​低​、​回​應​變​慢​。​請​確​定​您​為​主​電​腦​與​所​有​客​座​端​，分​配​了​足​夠​的​記​憶​體​，這​樣​才​能​有​效​運​作​。​
    為​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​指​定​足​夠​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​量​。​如​果​客​座​端​會​執​行​多​執​行​緒​的​應​用​程​式​，請​指​定​它​所​需​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​目​，以​取​得​最​佳​效​能​。​請​不​要​指​定​超​出​主​電​腦​的​實​體​處​理​器​（或​超​執​行​緒​）數​目​。​您​可​以​超​量​指​定​虛​擬​處​理​器​的​數​目​，但​是​這​樣​作​會​對​雙​方​的​效​能​有​著​顯​著​的​影​響​，因​為​處​理​器​會​有​內​容​置​換​（context switch）上​的​負​擔​。​
    
    Press Forward to continue.

12. Verify and start guest installation

    The Finish Virtual Machine Creation window presents a summary of all configuration information you entered. Review the information presented and use the Back button to make changes, if necessary. Once you are satisfied click the Finish button and to start the installation process.
    
    VNC 視​窗​會​開​啟​，顯​示​客​座​端​作​業​系​統​安​裝​程​序​已​經​開​始​。​

1. 建​立​新​的​橋​接​裝​置​

   1. 請​在​ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ 目​錄​裡​建​立​新​的​網​路​ script 檔​。​這​範​例​建​立​了​名​為​ ifcfg-installation 的​檔​案​，並​建​立​一​組​名​為​ installation 的​橋​接​裝​置​。​

      # cd /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/
      # vim ifcfg-installation
      DEVICE=installation
      TYPE=Bridge
      BOOTPROTO=dhcp
      ONBOOT=yes
      

      警​告​

      The line, TYPE=Bridge, is case-sensitive. It must have uppercase 'B' and lower case 'ridge'.
   2. Start the new bridge by restarting the network service. The ifup installation command can start the individual bridge but it is safer to test the entire network restarts properly.

      # service network restart
      

   3. 目​前​還​沒​有​其​他​介​面​加​入​這​個​新​的​橋​接​裝​置​。​請​使​用​ brctl show 指​令​，來​檢​視​系​統​上​關​於​橋​接​裝​置​的​詳​細​資​料​。​

      # brctl show
      bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
      installation    8000.000000000000       no
      virbr0          8000.000000000000       yes
      

      virbr0 橋​接​裝​置​是​ libvirt 的​預​設​橋​接​裝​置​，用​在​預​設​乙​太​網​路​的​ NAT（網​路​位​址​轉​譯​）功​能​上​。​

2. 將​介​面​加​至​新​的​橋​接​裝​置​上​

   為​介​面​編​輯​配​置​檔​。​請​使​用​之​前​步​驟​中​建​立​的​橋​接​裝​置​名​稱​，在​配​置​檔​中​新​增​ BRIDGE 參​數​。​

   # Intel Corporation Gigabit Network Connection
   DEVICE=eth1
   BRIDGE=installation
   BOOTPROTO=dhcp
   HWADDR=00:13:20:F7:6E:8E
   ONBOOT=yes
   

   編​輯​配​置​檔​案​之​後​，重​新​啟​動​網​路​或​重​新​開​機​。​

   # service network restart
   

   使​用​ brctl show 指​令​，來​檢​查​介​面​是​否​已​經​連​上​。​

   # brctl show
   bridge name     bridge id               STP enabled     interfaces
   installation    8000.001320f76e8e       no              eth1
   virbr0          8000.000000000000       yes
   

3. 安​全​配​置​

   配​置​ iptables，允​許​所​有​網​路​交​通​可​以​透​過​橋​接​裝​置​轉​送​。​

   # iptables -I FORWARD -m physdev --physdev-is-bridged -j ACCEPT
   # service iptables save
   # service iptables restart
   

   停​用​橋​接​裝​置​的​防​火​牆​功​能​

   要​不​然​的​話​，讓​經​過​橋​接​裝​置​的​網​路​交​通​不​經​過​ iptables 的​規​則​來​處​理​。​在​ /etc/sysctl.conf 檔​案​中​，加​入​以​下​幾​行​：

   net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 0
   net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 0
   net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-arptables = 0
   

   透​過​ sysctl 來​重​新​載​入​核​心​參​數​。​

   # sysctl -p /etc/sysctl.conf
   

4. 在​安​裝​之​前​重​新​啟​動​ libvirt

   重​新​啟​動​ libvirt daemon：

   # service libvirtd reload
   

1. 選​擇​ PXE

   選​擇​「​PXE」​作​為​安​裝​方​法​。​
   

2. 選​擇​橋​接​裝​置​

   選​擇​「​共​享​實​體​裝​置​」​，然​後​選​擇​之​前​步​驟​裡​出​現​的​橋​接​裝​置​。​
   

3. 開​始​安​裝​

   安​裝​程​序​已​經​準​備​好​，可​以​啟​動​。​
   

過程 8.1. 半​虛​擬​化​的​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 客​座​端​安​裝​程​序​

1. 請​選​擇​語​言​並​按​下​確​定​。​
   
2. 請​選​擇​鍵​盤​格​式​並​按​下​確​定​。​
   
3. Assign the guest's network address. Choose to use DHCP (as shown below) or a static IP address:
   
4. 若​您​選​擇​了​ DHCP，安​裝​程​序​現​在​將​會​嘗​試​取​得​一​組​ IP 位​址​：
   
5. If you chose a static IP address for your guest this prompt appears. Enter the details on the guest's networking configuration:
   1. 請​輸​入​一​組​有​效​的​ IP 位​址​。​請​確​認​您​所​輸​入​的​ IP 位​址​可​連​上​含​有​安​裝​樹​的​伺​服​器​。​
   2. 請​輸​入​一​組​有​效​的​子​網​路​遮​罩​、​預​設​閘​道​器​和​名​稱​伺​服​器​位​址​。​
   請​選​擇​語​言​並​按​下​確​定​。​
   
6. 下​列​為​一​組​靜​態​ IP 位​址​設​定​的​範​例​：
   
7. 安​裝​程​序​現​在​將​會​由​伺​服​器​擷​取​它​所​需​要​的​檔​案​：
   

過程 8.2. 圖​形​化​安​裝​程​序​

1. 請​輸​入​一​組​有​效​的​註​冊​碼​。​若​您​擁​有​一​組​有​效​的​ RHN 訂​閱​金​鑰​，請​將​它​輸​入​在​「​安​裝​號​碼​」​欄​位​中​：
   

   注​意​

   若​您​跳​過​此​步​驟​的​話​，您​可​透​過​使​用​ rhn_register 指​令​，在​安​裝​完​成​過​後​確​認​您​的​ Red Hat Network 帳​號​詳​情​。​rhn_register 指​令​需​要​ root 存​取​權​限​。​
2. 安​裝​程​序​現​在​會​要​您​確​認​，是​否​希​望​刪​除​要​進​行​安​裝​的​儲​存​裝​置​上​的​資​料​：
   
   請​按​下​「​確​定​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
3. Review the storage configuration and partition layout. You can chose to select the advanced storage configuration if you want to use iSCSI for the guest's storage.
   
   Make your selections then click Forward.
4. 確​認​您​所​選​用​來​進​行​安​裝​的​儲​存​裝​置​。​
   
   請​按​下​「​確​定​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
5. 設​定​網​路​作​業​以​及​主​機​的​組​態​設​定​。​這​些​設​定​將​會​與​您​先​前​在​安​裝​程​序​中​所​輸​入​的​資​料​集​結​。​請​依​照​需​求​來​更​改​這​些​設​定​：
   
   請​按​下​「​確​定​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
6. 選​擇​適​合​您​環​境​的​適​當​時​區​。​
   
7. 為​您​的​客​座​端​輸​入​ root 密​碼​。​
   
   請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
8. 請​選​擇​您​要​安​裝​的​軟​體​套​件​。​請​選​擇​「​現​在​自​訂​」​按​鈕​。​您​必​須​在​「​系​統​」​目​錄​中​安​裝​ kernel-xen 套​件​。​您​必​須​安​裝​ kernel-xen 套​件​才​可​使​用​半​虛​擬​化​。​
   
   Click Forward.
9. 計​算​相​依​性​和​空​間​需​求​。​
   
10. After the installation dependencies and space requirements have been verified click Forward to start the actual installation.
    
11. 所​有​選​擇​的​軟​體​套​件​都​會​被​自​動​安​裝​。​
    
12. 安​裝​完​成​後​，請​重​新​啟​動​您​的​客​座​端​：
    
13. 您​新​安​裝​的​客​座​端​不​會​重​新​啟​動​，它​將​會​關​閉​...
    
14. Boot the guest. The guest's name was chosen when you used the virt-install in 節 8.1, “將​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 安​裝​為​半​虛​擬​化​的​客​座​端​”. If you used the default example the name is rhel5PV.
    使​用​ virsh 來​重​新​啟​動​客​座​端​：

    # virsh reboot rhel5PV

    此​外​，您​亦​可​開​啟​ virt-manager、​選​擇​您​客​座​端​的​名​稱​、​按​下​「​開​啟​」​，然​後​按​下​「​執​行​」​。​
    A VNC window displaying the guest's boot processes now opens.
    
    
15. 啟​動​客​座​端​時​將​會​開​啟​First Boot（首​次​啟​動​）的​設​定​畫​面​。​此​精​靈​會​提​示​您​完​成​一​些​客​座​端​的​基​本​組​態​設​定​選​項​。​
    
16. 首​先​請​詳​讀​並​接​受​使​用​條​款​。​
    
    請​按​下​使​用​條​款​視​窗​上​的​「​下​一​步​」​按​鈕​。​
17. 設​定​防​火​牆​。​
    
    請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
    1. 若​您​選​擇​了​停​用​防​火​牆​並​且​被​提​示​進​行​確​認​的​話​，請​按​下​「​確​定​」​來​確​認​並​繼​續​進​行​。​我​們​不​建​議​您​停​用​防​火​牆​。​
       
18. 設​定​ SELinux。​我​們​強​烈​建​議​您​讓​ SELinux 以​「​強​制​模​式​」​執​行​。​您​可​選​擇​讓​ SELinux 以​「​寬​容​模​式​」​來​執​行​或​是​將​它​完​全​停​用​。​
    
    請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
    1. 若​您​選​擇​停​用​ SELinux 的​話​，這​個​警​告​畫​面​便​會​出​現​。​請​按​下​「​確​定​」​來​停​用​ SELinux。​
       
19. Disable kdump. The use of kdump is unsupported on para-virtualized guests.
    
    請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
20. Confirm time and date are set correctly for your guest. If you install a para-virtualized guest time and date should synchronize with the hypervisor.
    If the users sets the time or date during the installation it is ignored and the hypervisor's time is used.
    
    請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
21. 設​定​軟​體​更​新​。​若​您​擁​有​一​個​ Red Hat Network 訂​閱​或​是​希​望​先​試​用​的​話​，您​可​透​過​使​用​以​下​畫​面​來​將​您​新​安​裝​的​客​座​端​註​冊​至​ RHN 中​。​
    
    請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​進​行​。​
    1. 請​確​認​您​ RHN 的​選​擇​。​
       
    2. 如​果​您​沒​有​設​定​ RHN 的​話​，您​會​看​到​額​外​的​視​窗​。​如​果​您​停​用​ RHN 的​話​，您​將​不​會​收​到​任​何​軟​體​更​新​。​
       
       請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​按​鈕​。​
22. 建​立​一​組​非​ root 的​使​用​者​帳​號​。​我​們​建​議​您​建​立​一​組​非​ root 的​使​用​者​帳​號​，用​於​一​般​環​境​中​，以​增​加​安​全​性​。​請​輸​入​使​用​者​名​稱​、​名​稱​與​密​碼​。​
    
    請​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​按​鈕​。​
23. 若​偵​測​到​了​音​效​裝​置​而​您​需​要​音​效​的​話​，請​進​行​調​整​。​請​完​成​程​序​並​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​。​
    
24. You can install additional packages from a CD or another repository using this screen. It is often more efficient to not install any additional software at this point but add packages later using the yum command or RHN. Click Finish.
    
25. 客​座​端​現​在​將​會​設​置​任​何​您​改​變​過​的​設​定​並​繼​續​進​行​啟​動​程​序​。​
    
26. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 的​登​入​畫​面​將​會​出​現​。​請​使​用​先​前​步​驟​中​所​建​立​的​使​用​者​名​稱​來​登​入​。​
    
27. 您​現​在​已​成​功​地​安​裝​了​半​虛​擬​化​的​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 客​座​端​。​
    

過程 8.3. 請​使​用​ virt-manager 來​建​立​一​個​完​整​虛​擬​化​的​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 客​座​端​

1. 開​啟​ virt-manager

   啟​用​ virt-manager。​請​透​過​應​用​程​式​選​單​和​系​統​工​具​子​選​單​來​啟​用​虛​擬​主​機​管​理​員​。​此​外​，您​也​能​夠​以​ root 身​份​執​行​ virt-manager 指​令​。​

2. 選​擇​ hypervisor

   選​擇​ hypervisor。​若​已​安​裝​了​ hypervisor 的​話​，請​選​擇​ Xen 或​ KVM。​在​此​範​例​中​請​選​擇​ KVM。​請​注​意​，目​前​ KVM 被​命​名​為​ qemu。​
   Connect to a hypervisor if you have not already done so. Open the File menu and select the Add Connection... option. Refer to 節 26.1, “The Add Connection window”.
   一​旦​選​擇​了​ hypervisor 的​連​線​後​，您​便​可​使​用​「​新​增​」​按​鈕​了​。​請​按​下​此​「​新​增​」​按​鈕​。​

3. 啟​用​新​增​虛​擬​機​器​精​靈​

   Pressing the New button starts the virtual machine creation wizard.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

4. 為​虛​擬​機​器​命​名​

   Provide a name for your virtualized guest. Punctuation and whitespace characters are not permitted in versions before Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 adds support for '_', '.' and '-' characters.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

5. 選​擇​虛​擬​化​方​式​

   Choose the virtualization method for the virtualized guest. Note you can only select an installed virtualization method. If you selected KVM or Xen earlier (步驟 4) you must use the hypervisor you selected. This example uses the KVM hypervisor.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

6. 選​擇​安​裝​方​式​

   Red Hat Enterprise Linux 可​以​透​過​以​下​幾​種​方​式​安​裝​：
   • 「​本​地​的​安​裝​媒​介​」​，可​以​是​ ISO 映​像​檔​或​真​正​的​光​碟​。​
   • 如​果​您​在​某​台​電​腦​上​透​過​ HTTP、​FTP 或​ NFS 提​供​了​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的​安​裝​樹​，請​選​擇​「​網​路​安​裝​」​。​
   • 如​果​您​設​定​了​ PXE 伺​服​器​，讓​使​用​者​啟​動​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的​話​，那​麼​就​可​以​使​用​ PXE 來​安​裝​。​本​指​南​並​不​包​含​設​定​ PXE 伺​服​器​的​方​法​，不​過​開​機​之​後​的​安​裝​步​驟​都​是​一​樣​的​。​
   Set OS Type to Linux and OS Variant to Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 as shown in the screenshot.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

7. 選​擇​安​裝​媒​介​的​位​置​

   選​擇​ ISO 映​像​檔​位​置​或​是​光​碟​機​的​位​置​。​此​範​例​使​用​了​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux DVD 的​ ISO 映​像​檔​。​
   1. 請​按​下​「​瀏​覽​」​按​鈕​。​
   2. 請​尋​找​ ISO 檔​案​的​位​置​並​選​取​該​ ISO 映​像​檔​。​請​按​下​「​開​啟​」​來​確​認​您​的​選​擇​。​
   3. The file is selected and ready to install.

      

      Press Forward to continue.

   映​像​檔​與​ SELinux

   For ISO image files and guest storage images the recommended to use the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory. Any other location may require additional configuration for SELinux, refer to 節 18.2, “SELinux 和​虛​擬​化​” for details.

8. 儲​存​裝​置​設​定​

   Assign a physical storage device (Block device) or a file-based image (File). File-based images must be stored in the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory. Assign sufficient space for your virtualized guest and any applications the guest requires.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

   遷​移​

   Live and offline migrations require guests to be installed on shared network storage. For information on setting up shared storage for guests refer to 部 V, “Virtualization Storage Topics”.

9. 網​路​設​定​

   請​選​擇​「​虛​擬​網​路​」​或​是​「​共​享​實​體​裝​置​」​。​
   虛​擬​網​路​選​項​使​用​了​網​路​位​址​轉​譯​（NAT）來​與​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​共​享​預​設​的​網​路​裝​置​。​若​您​正​在​使​用​無​線​網​路​的​話​，請​使​用​虛​擬​網​路​選​項​。​
   The shared physical device option uses a network bond to give the virtualized guest full access to a network device.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

10. 記​憶​體​和​ CPU 配​置​

    The Memory and CPU Allocation window displays. Choose appropriate values for the virtualized CPUs and RAM allocation. These values affect the host's and guest's performance.
    虛​擬​化​客​座​端​需​要​足​夠​的​實​體​記​憶​體​（RAM）才​可​有​效​率​並​有​效​地​執​行​。​請​選​擇​符​合​您​客​座​端​作​業​系​統​和​應​用​程​式​需​求​的​記​憶​體​數​量​。​請​記​得​，客​座​端​使​用​實​體​記​憶​體​。​執​行​過​多​的​客​座​端​或​提​供​給​主​機​系​統​的​記​憶​體​不​足​，將​會​造​成​大​量​的​虛​擬​記​憶​體​使​用​量​和​置​換​動​作​。​虛​擬​記​憶​體​速​度​較​慢​，並​且​會​造​成​系​統​效​能​與​反​應​速​度​下​降​。​請​確​認​您​已​為​所​有​客​座​端​和​主​機​分​配​了​足​夠​的​記​憶​體​以​確​保​它​們​能​夠​有​效​地​進​行​作​業​。​
    為​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​指​定​足​夠​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​量​。​如​果​客​座​端​會​執​行​多​執​行​緒​的​應​用​程​式​，請​指​定​它​所​需​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​目​，以​取​得​最​佳​效​能​。​請​不​要​指​定​超​出​主​電​腦​的​實​體​處​理​器​（或​超​執​行​緒​）數​目​。​您​可​以​超​量​指​定​虛​擬​處​理​器​的​數​目​，但​是​這​樣​作​會​對​雙​方​的​效​能​有​著​顯​著​的​影​響​，因​為​處​理​器​會​有​內​容​置​換​（context switch）上​的​負​擔​。​
    

    Press Forward to continue.

11. 驗​證​和​啟​動​客​座​端​安​裝​程​序​

    Verify the configuration.

    

    Press Finish to start the guest installation procedure.

12. 安​裝​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux

    請​完​成​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5 安​裝​程​序​。​安​裝​程​序​涵​蓋​於​《​安​裝​指​南​》​中​，請​參​閱​ Red Hat Documentation 來​取​得​ Red Hat Enterprise Linux 的​《​安​裝​指​南​》​。​

1. 啟​動​ virt-manager

   Open Applications > System Tools > Virtual Machine Manager. Open a connection to a host (click File > Add Connection). Click the New button to create a new virtual machine.

2. 為​虛​擬​系​統​命​名​

   輸​入​「​系​統​名​稱​」​然​後​點​「​下​一​步​」​。​
   

3. 選​擇​虛​擬​化​的​方​法​

   If you selected KVM or Xen earlier (step 步驟 1 ) you must use the hypervisor you selected. This example uses the KVM hypervisor.
   您​只​能​使​用​完​整​虛​擬​化​來​安​裝​ Windows。​
   

4. 選​擇​安​裝​方​法​

   這​畫​面​能​讓​您​指​定​安​裝​方​法​，以​及​作​業​系​統​的​類​型​。​
   在​「​作​業​系​統​類​型​」​選​單​，選​擇​「​Windows」​，然​後​從​「​作​業​系​統​種​類​」​裡​，選​擇​「​Microsoft Windows XP」​。​
   Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.2 之​後​，支​援​使​用​ PXE 來​安​裝​用​戶​端​。​本​章​並​不​包​含​ PXE 安​裝​的​相​關​內​容​。​
   

   映​像​檔​與​ SELinux

   For ISO image files and guest storage images the recommended to use the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory. Any other location may require additional configuration for SELinux, refer to 節 18.2, “SELinux 和​虛​擬​化​” for details.
   點​選​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​。​

5. Choose installation image

   Choose the installation image or CD-ROM. For CD-ROM or DVD installation select the device with the Windows installation disc in it. If you chose ISO Image Location enter the path to a Windows installation .iso image.
   
   點​選​「​下​一​步​」​來​繼​續​。​
6. The Storage window displays. Choose a disk partition, LUN or create a file-based image for the guest's storage.
   All image files are stored in the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory by default. In the default configuration, other directory locations for file-based images are prohibited by SELinux. If you use a different directory you must label the new directory according to SELinux policy. Refer to 節 18.2, “SELinux 和​虛​擬​化​” for details.
   如​果​客​座​端​需​要​額​外​空​間​，以​容​納​應​用​程​式​與​其​他​資​料​，請​分​配​額​外​空​間​。​舉​例​來​說​，網​站​伺​服​器​需​要​額​外​的​空​間​來​儲​存​紀​錄​檔​。​
   
   請​在​您​所​選​的​儲​存​類​型​上​，為​客​座​端​選​擇​適​當​的​大​小​，然​後​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​。​

   注意

   針​對​於​虛​擬​機​器​映​像​，我​們​建​議​您​使​用​預​設​的​目​錄​，該​目​錄​為​ /var/lib/libvirt/images/。​若​您​使​用​了​一​個​不​同​的​位​置​（比​方​說​在​此​範​例​中​為​ /images/），請​確​認​該​位​置​已​被​加​入​至​您​的​ SELinux 政​策​中​並​且​在​繼​續​進​行​安​裝​程​序​之​前​先​將​它​重​新​標​記​（之​後​，在​本​文​件​中​您​將​會​發​現​如​何​修​改​您​ SELinux 政​策​的​相​關​資​訊​）。​

7. 設​定​網​路​

   選​擇​「​虛​擬​網​路​」​或​「​共​享​實​體​裝​置​」​。​
   虛​擬​網​路​的​選​項​使​用​「​網​路​位​址​轉​譯​」​（NAT），好​與​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​共​享​預​設​的​網​路​卡​。​無​線​網​路​會​使​用​這​虛​擬​網​路​選​項​。​
   The shared physical device option uses a network bond to give the virtualized guest full access to a network device.

   

   Press Forward to continue.
8. The Memory and CPU Allocation window displays. Choose appropriate values for the virtualized CPUs and RAM allocation. These values affect the host's and guest's performance.
   虛​擬​化​客​座​端​需​要​足​夠​的​記​憶​體​，才​能​有​效​率​地​執​行​。​請​選​擇​符​合​客​座​端​系​統​與​應​用​程​式​的​記​憶​體​大​小​。​請​記​得​，客​座​端​使​用​的​是​實​體​記​憶​體​。​執​行​太​多​客​座​端​，或​讓​主​系​統​的​剩​餘​記​憶​體​量​太​少​，都​會​導​致​大​量​使​用​虛​擬​記​憶​體​與​記​憶​體​置​換​。​虛​擬​記​憶​體​的​速​度​慢​，會​導​致​系​統​效​能​降​低​，回​應​變​慢​。​請​確​定​您​為​所​有​客​座​端​與​主​機​分​配​了​足​夠​的​記​憶​體​，好​讓​運​作​更​有​效​率​。​
   為​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​指​定​足​夠​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​量​。​如​果​客​座​端​會​執​行​多​執​行​緒​的​應​用​程​式​，請​指​定​它​所​需​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​目​，以​取​得​最​佳​效​能​。​請​不​要​指​定​超​出​主​電​腦​的​實​體​處​理​器​（或​超​執​行​緒​）數​目​。​您​可​以​超​量​指​定​虛​擬​處​理​器​的​數​目​，但​是​這​樣​作​會​對​雙​方​的​效​能​有​著​顯​著​的​影​響​，因​為​處​理​器​會​有​內​容​置​換​（context switch）上​的​負​擔​。​
   
9. 在​安​裝​繼​續​進​行​前​，您​將​會​看​見​摘​要​畫​面​。​請​按​下​「​完​成​」​來​繼​續​進​行​客​座​端​的​安​裝​程​序​：
   
10. You must make a hardware selection so open a console window quickly after the installation starts. Click Finish then switch to the virt-manager summary window and select your newly started Windows guest. Double click on the system name and the console window opens. Quickly and repeatedly press F5 to select a new HAL, once you get the dialog box in the Windows install select the 'Generic i486 Platform' tab. Scroll through selections with the Up and Down arrows.
    
11. 安​裝​程​序​會​像​其​它​任​何​標​準​ Windows 安​裝​程​序​一​般​地​進​行​。​
    
    
12. 在​系​統​提​示​時​，為​硬​碟​製​作​分​割​區​。​
    
    
13. 硬​碟​被​格​式​化​後​，Windows 便​會​開​始​將​檔​案​複​製​至​硬​碟​上​。​
    
    
14. 檔​案​複​製​到​儲​存​裝​置​上​之​後​，Windows 會​重​新​啟​動​。​
    
15. 重​新​啟​動​ Windows 客​座​端​：

    # virsh start WindowsGuest

    其​中​ WindowsGuest 是​虛​擬​機​器​的​名​稱​。​
16. 主​控​台​視​窗​出​現​時​，您​會​看​到​安​裝​ Windows 的​設​定​階​段​。​
    
17. 若​您​的​安​裝​程​序​在​設​定​階​段​看​似​卡​住​的​話​，您​可​透​過​ virsh reboot WindowsGuestName 指​令​來​重​新​啟​動​客​座​端​。​當​您​重​新​啟​動​虛​擬​機​器​時​，您​將​會​看​見​一​則​ Setup is being restarted 的​訊​息​：
    
18. 設​定​完​成​後​，您​將​會​看​見​ Windows 的​啟​動​畫​面​：
    
19. 現​在​，您​可​繼​續​進​行​您​ Windows 安​裝​程​序​的​標​準​設​定​：
    
20. 設​定​過​程​已​經​完​成​。​
    

1. Using virt-install for installing Windows Server 2003 as the console for the Windows guest opens the virt-viewer window promptly. The examples below installs a Windows Server 2003 guest with the virt-install command.

   1. Xen virt-install

      # virt-install --virt-type=xen -hvm  \
         --name windows2003sp1 
         --file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/windows2003sp2.img \
         --file-size=6 \
         --cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ISOs/WIN/en_windows_server_2003_sp1.iso \
         --vnc --ram=1024
      

   2. KVM virt-install

      # virt-install --accelerate --hvm --connect qemu:///system \
         --name rhel3support  \
         --network network:default \
         --file=/var/lib/libvirt/images/windows2003sp2.img \
         --file-size=6 \
         --cdrom=/var/lib/libvirt/images/ISOs/WIN/en_windows_server_2003_sp1.iso \
         --vnc --ram=1024
      

2. 一​旦​客​座​端​進​入​安​裝​程​序​後​，您​需​要​趕​快​按​下​ F5。​如​果​您​沒​有​在​一​定​時​間​內​按​下​ F5，您​必​須​重​新​啟​動​安​裝​程​序​。​按​下​ F5 之​後​，您​可​以​則​不​同​的​「​HAL」​或​「​電​腦​類​型​」​。​請​選​擇​「​標​準​ PC」​作​為​您​的​電​腦​類​型​。​選​擇​「​標​準​ PC」​是​安​裝​ Windows Server 2003 虛​擬​化​客​座​端​的​必​要​步​驟​。​
   
3. 完​成​其​他​的​安​裝​步​驟​。​
   
   
   
4. Windows 2003 現​在​已​經​被​安​裝​為​完​整​虛​擬​化​的​客​座​端​。​

過程 8.4. 使​用​ virt-manager 來​安​裝​ Windows Server 2008

1. 開​啟​ virt-manager

   開​啟​ virt-manager。​請​在​「​應​用​程​式​」​選​單​中​點​選​「​系​統​工​具​」​，然​後​再​點​選​「​虛​擬​主​機​管​理​員​」​，或​以​ root 身​份​值​ virt-manager 指​令​。​

2. 選​擇​ hypervisor

   選​擇​ hypervisor。​如​果​您​安​裝​了​ Xen 與​ KVM，請​從​中​選​擇​其​一​。​在​這​範​例​裡​選​的​是​ KVM。​請​注​意​，現​在​ KVM 叫​做​ qemu。​
   選​取​好​選​項​後​，「​新​的​」​按​鈕​就​會​變​成​可​點​選​狀​態​。​請​按​下​「​新​的​」​按​鈕​。​

3. 啟​動​新​虛​擬​機​器​的​精​靈​介​面​

   Pressing the New button starts the virtual machine creation wizard.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

4. 為​虛​擬​機​器​命​名​

   Provide a name for your virtualized guest. Punctuation and whitespace characters are not permitted in versions before Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5. Red Hat Enterprise Linux 5.5 adds support for '_', '.' and '-' characters.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

5. 選​擇​虛​擬​化​的​方​法​

   Choose the virtualization method for the virtualized guest. Note you can only select an installed virtualization method. If you selected KVM or Xen earlier (step 2) you must use the hypervisor you selected. This example uses the KVM hypervisor.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

6. 請​選​擇​安​裝​方​法​

   對​於​所​有​的​ Windows 版​本​，您​必​須​使​用​「​本​地​安​裝​媒​體​」​，也​就​是​ ISO 映​像​檔​或​實​際​的​光​碟​片​。​
   如​果​您​有​ PXE 伺​服​器​，也​安​裝​了​ Windows 的​網​路​安​裝​功​能​，PXE 就​可​以​運​作​。​使​用​ PXE 來​安​裝​ Windows 並​不​包​含​在​本​手​冊​中​。​
   Set OS Type to Windows and OS Variant to Microsoft Windows 2008 as shown in the screenshot.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

7. 找​到​安​裝​媒​體​

   選​擇​ ISO 映​像​檔​的​位​置​，或​光​碟​機​。​這​範​例​使​用​的​是​ Windows Server 2008 安​裝​光​碟​的​ ISO 映​像​檔​。​
   1. 點​選​「​瀏​覽​」​按​鈕​。​
   2. Search to the location of the ISO file and select it.

      

      Press Open to confirm your selection.
   3. The file is selected and ready to install.

      

      Press Forward to continue.

   映​像​檔​與​ SELinux

   For ISO image files and guest storage images, the recommended directory to use is the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory. Any other location may require additional configuration for SELinux, refer to 節 18.2, “SELinux 和​虛​擬​化​” for details.

8. 設​定​儲​存​空​間​

   Assign a physical storage device (Block device) or a file-based image (File). File-based images must be stored in the /var/lib/libvirt/images/ directory. Assign sufficient space for your virtualized guest and any applications the guest requires.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

9. 設​定​網​路​

   選​擇​「​虛​擬​網​路​」​或​「​共​享​實​體​裝​置​」​。​
   虛​擬​網​路​的​選​項​使​用​「​網​路​位​址​轉​譯​」​（NAT），好​與​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​共​享​預​設​的​網​路​卡​。​無​線​網​路​會​使​用​這​虛​擬​網​路​選​項​。​
   The shared physical device option uses a network bond to give the virtualized guest full access to a network device.

   

   Press Forward to continue.

10. 分​配​記​憶​體​與​處​理​器​

    The Memory and CPU Allocation window displays. Choose appropriate values for the virtualized CPUs and RAM allocation. These values affect the host's and guest's performance.
    虛​擬​化​客​座​端​需​要​足​夠​的​記​憶​體​，才​能​有​效​率​地​執​行​。​請​選​擇​符​合​客​座​端​系​統​與​應​用​程​式​的​記​憶​體​大​小​。​請​記​得​，客​座​端​使​用​的​是​實​體​記​憶​體​。​執​行​太​多​客​座​端​，或​讓​主​系​統​的​剩​餘​記​憶​體​量​太​少​，都​會​導​致​大​量​使​用​虛​擬​記​憶​體​與​記​憶​體​置​換​。​虛​擬​記​憶​體​的​速​度​較​慢​，會​導​致​系​統​效​能​降​低​，回​應​變​慢​。​請​確​定​您​為​所​有​客​座​端​與​主​機​分​配​了​足​夠​的​記​憶​體​，好​讓​運​作​更​有​效​率​。​
    為​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​指​定​足​夠​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​量​。​如​果​客​座​端​會​執​行​多​執​行​緒​的​應​用​程​式​，請​指​定​它​所​需​的​虛​擬​處​理​器​數​目​，以​取​得​最​佳​效​能​。​請​不​要​指​定​超​出​主​電​腦​的​實​體​處​理​器​（或​超​執​行​緒​）數​目​。​您​可​以​超​量​指​定​虛​擬​處​理​器​的​數​目​，但​是​這​樣​作​會​對​雙​方​的​效​能​有​著​顯​著​的​影​響​，因​為​處​理​器​會​有​內​容​置​換​（context switch）上​的​負​擔​。​
    

    Press Forward to continue.

11. 檢​查​並​開​始​安​裝​客​座​端​

    Verify the configuration.

    

    Press Finish to start the guest installation procedure.

12. 安​裝​ Windows

    

    Complete the Windows Server 2008 installation sequence. The installation sequence is not covered by this guide, refer to Microsoft's documentation for information on installing Windows.

1. 請​藉​由​在​運​作​中​的​客​座​端​上​執​行​ virsh 指​令​，來​為​您​的​客​座​端​映​像​檔​建​立​ XML 配​置​檔​案​。​

   # virsh dumpxml rhel5FV > rhel5FV.xml
   

   This saves the configuration settings as an XML file which can be edited to customize the operations and devices used by the guest. For more information on using the virsh XML configuration files, refer to 章 33, 建​立​自​訂​化​的​ libvirt script.
2. 為​客​座​端​建​立​磁​碟​片​映​像​。​

   # dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/libvirt/images/rhel5FV-floppy.img bs=512 count=2880
   

3. Add the content below, changing where appropriate, to your guest's configuration XML file. This example is an emulated floppy device using a file-based image.

   <disk type='file' device='floppy'>
   	<source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/rhel5FV-floppy.img'/>
   	<target dev='fda'/>
   </disk>
   

4. Force the guest to stop. To shut down the guest gracefully, use the virsh shutdown command instead.

   # virsh destroy rhel5FV

5. 透​過​使​用​ XML 配​置​檔​案​來​重​新​啟​動​客​座​端​。​

   # virsh create rhel5FV.xml
   

1. 建​立​一​個​空​的​容​器​檔​案​或​使​用​現​有​的​檔​案​容​器​（例​如​ ISO 檔​案​）。​
   1. 請​使​用​ dd 指​令​來​建​立​一​個​ sparse 檔​案​。​基​於​資​料​完​整​性​以​及​效​能​上​的​考​量​，我​們​不​建​議​您​使​用​ sparse 檔​案​。​Sparse 檔​案​可​快​速​地​建​立​，並​且​可​被​使​用​來​進​行​測​試​，不​過​不​該​使​用​於​生​產​環​境​中​。​

      # dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/libvirt/images/FileName.img bs=1M seek=4096 count=0
      

   2. 建​議​使​用​非​ sparse、​預​先​分​配​的​檔​案​，來​作​為​基​於​檔​案​的​儲​存​映​像​。​若​要​建​立​非​ sparse 的​檔​案​，請​執​行​：

      # dd if=/dev/zero of=/var/lib/libvirt/images/FileName.img bs=1M count=4096
      

   Both commands create a 4GB file which can be used as additional storage for a virtualized guest.
2. 傾​印​客​座​端​的​設​定​。​在​此​範​例​中​，客​座​端​稱​為​ Guest1 並​且​檔​案​儲​存​在​使​用​者​的​家​目​錄​中​。​

   # virsh dumpxml Guest1 > ~/Guest1.xml
   

3. 請​以​文​字​編​輯​器​開​啟​配​置​檔​案​（在​此​範​例​中​為​ Guest1.xml），並​尋​找​「​<disk>」​相​關​字​串​，這​些​字​串​描​述​了​儲​存​裝​置​。​以​下​為​這​些​字​串​的​範​例​：

   <disk type='file' device='disk'>
       <driver name='tap' type='aio'/>
       <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/Guest1.img'/>
       <target dev='xvda'/>
   </disk>
   

4. 您​可​透​過​複​製​或​編​寫​新​的​ <disk> 項​目​來​新​增​額​外​的​儲​存​裝​置​。​請​確​認​您​已​為​虛​擬​區​塊​裝​置​指​定​了​一​組​裝​置​名​稱​。​各​個​客​座​端​配​置​檔​案​中​的​這​些​值​皆​必​須​是​獨​特​的​。​下​列​範​例​為​配​置​檔​案​的​一​部​分​，並​包​含​了​一​個​名​為​ FileName.img、​基​於​檔​案​的​儲​存​容​器​：

   <disk type='file' device='disk'>
       <driver name='tap' type='aio'/>
       <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/Guest1.img'/>
       <target dev='xvda'/>
   </disk>
   <disk type='file' device='disk'>
       <driver name='tap' type='aio'/>
       <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/FileName.img'/>
       <target dev='hda'/>
   </disk>
   

5. 透​過​已​更​新​的​配​置​檔​案​來​重​新​啟​動​客​座​端​。​

   # virsh create Guest1.xml
   

6. The following steps are Linux guest specific. Other operating systems handle new storage devices in different ways. For other systems, refer to that operating system's documentation
   The guest now uses the file FileName.img as the device called /dev/sdb. This device requires formatting from the guest. On the guest, partition the device into one primary partition for the entire device then format the device.
   1. 請​按​下​ n 來​建​立​新​分​割​區​。​

      # fdisk /dev/sdb
      Command (m for help):
      

   2. 請​按​下​ p 來​選​擇​主​要​分​割​區​。​

      Command action
         e   extended
         p   primary partition (1-4)
      

   3. 請​選​擇​可​用​的​分​割​區​號​碼​。​在​此​範​例​中​，第​一​個​分​割​區​可​藉​由​輸​入​ 1 來​選​取​。​

      Partition number (1-4): 1
      

   4. 請​藉​由​按​下​ Enter 來​輸​入​預​設​的​第​一​個​磁​柱​。​

      First cylinder (1-400, default 1):
      

   5. 請​選​擇​分​割​區​的​大​小​。​在​此​範​例​中​，您​可​藉​由​按​下​ Enter 來​分​配​整​個​磁​碟​。​

      Last cylinder or +size or +sizeM or +sizeK (2-400, default 400):
      

   6. 請​藉​由​按​下​ t 來​設​定​分​割​區​類​型​。​

      Command (m for help): t
      

   7. 請​選​擇​您​在​先​前​步​驟​中​所​建​立​的​分​割​區​。​在​此​範​例​中​，分​割​區​編​號​為​ 1。​

      Partition number (1-4): 1
      

   8. Linux 分​割​請​輸​入​ 83。​

      Hex code (type L to list codes): 83
      

   9. 將​變​更​寫​入​磁​碟​並​退​出​。​

      Command (m for help): w 
      Command (m for help): q
      

   10. 透​過​ ext3 檔​案​系​統​來​格​式​化​新​的​分​割​區​。​

       # mke2fs -j /dev/sdb1
       

7. 將​磁​碟​掛​載​在​客​座​端​上​。​

   # mount /dev/sdb1 /myfiles
   

過程 9.1. 新​增​實​體​區​塊​裝​置​至​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​上​

1. 將​硬​碟​裝​置​實​體​連​接​至​主​機​上​。​如​果​預​設​上​，該​磁​碟​無​法​被​存​取​的​話​，請​設​定​主​機​。​
2. 請​視​需​求​透​過​ multipath 來​設​定​裝​置​以​及​主​機​上​的​一​致​性​。​
3. Use the virsh attach command. Replace: myguest with your guest's name, /dev/sdb1 with the device to add, and sdc with the location for the device on the guest. The sdc must be an unused device name. Use the sd* notation for Windows guests as well, the guest will recognize the device correctly.
   Append the --type cdrom parameter to the command for CD-ROM or DVD devices.
   若​是​磁​碟​片​裝​置​的​話​，請​附​加​ --type floppy 參​數​至​指​令​。​

   # virsh attach-disk myguest
   					/dev/sdb1
   					sdc --driver tap --mode readonly
   

4. The guest now has a new hard disk device called /dev/sdb on Linux or D: drive, or similar, on Windows. This device may require formatting.

1. 編​輯​ /etc/scsi_id.config 檔​案​。​
   1. 請​確​認​ options=-b 一​行​已​被​標​為​註​解​。​

      # options=-b
      

   2. 新​增​下​列​一​行​：

      options=-g
      

      此​選​項​可​將​ udev 設​定​為​假​設​所​有​連​接​的​ SCSI 裝​置​都​會​回​傳​一​組​ UUID。​
2. 若​要​顯​示​某​個​裝​置​的​ UUID，請​執​行​ scsi_id -g -s /block/sd* 這​項​指​令​。​例​如​：

   # scsi_id -g -s /block/sd*
   3600a0b800013275100000015427b625e
   

   輸​出​可​能​會​和​上​述​範​例​有​所​不​同​。​輸​出​顯​示​了​ /dev/sdc 裝​置​的​ UUID。​
3. 請​驗​證​透​過​ scsi_id -g -s /block/sd* 指​令​所​得​到​的​ UUID 輸​出​與​存​取​該​裝​置​的​電​腦​的​ UUID 是​相​同​的​。​
4. 建​立​一​項​裝​置​命​名​上​的​規​則​。​請​在​ /etc/udev/rules.d 目​錄​中​建​立​一​個​名​為​ 20-names.rules 的​檔​案​。​請​將​新​的​規​則​新​增​至​此​檔​案​中​。​所​有​規​則​都​會​以​相​同​的​格​式​被​附​加​至​相​同​的​檔​案​中​。​規​則​的​格​式​如​下​：

   KERNEL=="sd[a-z]", BUS=="scsi", PROGRAM="/sbin/scsi_id -g -s /block/%k", RESULT="UUID", NAME="devicename"
   

   請​將​ UUID 和​ devicename 取​代​為​以​上​所​取​得​的​ UUID，以​及​裝​置​的​名​稱​。​以​下​為​上​述​範​例​的​規​則​：

   KERNEL="sd*", BUS="scsi", PROGRAM="/sbin/scsi_id -g -s", RESULT="3600a0b800013275100000015427b625e", NAME="rack4row16"
   

   udev daemon 現​在​會​為​規​則​中​的​ UUID 搜​尋​所​有​名​為​ /dev/sd* 的​裝​置​。​一​旦​符​合​的​裝​置​連​上​了​系​統​，該​裝​置​就​會​被​分​配​來​自​於​規​則​中​的​名​稱​。​UUID 為​ 3600a0b800013275100000015427b625e 的​裝​置​將​會​被​顯​示​為​ /dev/rack4row16。​
5. 將​此​行​附​加​至​ /etc/rc.local：

   /sbin/start_udev
   

6. 請​將​ /etc/scsi_id.config、​/etc/udev/rules.d/20-names.rules 和​ /etc/rc.local 檔​案​中​的​變​更​複​製​至​所​有​相​關​的​主​機​上​。​

   /sbin/start_udev
   

1. 請​使​用​ system-config-network 應​用​程​式​來​設​定​另​一​個​網​路​介​面​卡​。​另​外​您​亦​可​在​ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ 目​錄​中​建​立​一​個​名​為​ ifcfg-ethX 的​新​配​置​檔​案​，X 代​表​任​何​未​被​使​用​中​的​編​號​。​下​列​為​一​個​稱​為​ eth1 的​第​二​網​路​介​面​卡​的​配​置​檔​案​範​本​：

   $ cat /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth1
   DEVICE=eth1
   BOOTPROTO=static
   ONBOOT=yes
   USERCTL=no
   IPV6INIT=no
   PEERDNS=yes
   TYPE=Ethernet
   NETMASK=255.255.255.0
   IPADDR=10.1.1.1
   GATEWAY=10.1.1.254
   ARP=yes
   

2. 請​將​ /etc/xen/scripts/network-bridge 檔​案​複​製​至​ /etc/xen/scripts/network-bridge.xen。​
3. Comment out any existing network scripts in /etc/xen/xend-config.sxp and add the line (network-xen-multi-bridge). A typical xend-config.sxp file should have the following line. Comment this line out. Use the # symbol to comment out lines.

   network-script network-bridge
   

   Below is the commented out line and the new line, containing the network-xen-multi-bridge parameter to enable multiple network bridges.

   #network-script network-bridge
   network-script network-xen-multi-bridge

4. Create a script to create multiple network bridges. This example creates a script called network-xen-multi-bridge.sh in the /etc/xen/scripts/ directory. A sample scripts is below, this example script will create two Xen network bridges (xenbr0 and xenbr1) one will be attached to eth1 and the other one to eth0. If you want to create additional bridges just follow the example in the script and copy nad paste the lines as required:

   #!/bin/sh
   # network-xen-multi-bridge
   # Exit if anything goes wrong.
   set -e
   # First arg is the operation.
   OP=$1
   shift
   script=/etc/xen/scripts/network-bridge.xen
   case ${OP} in
   start)
   	$script start vifnum=1 bridge=xenbr1 netdev=eth1
   	$script start vifnum=0 bridge=xenbr0 netdev=eth0
   	;;
   stop)
   	$script stop vifnum=1 bridge=xenbr1 netdev=eth1
   	$script stop vifnum=0 bridge=xenbr0 netdev=eth0
   	;;
   status)
   	$script status vifnum=1 bridge=xenbr1 netdev=eth1
   	$script status vifnum=0 bridge=xenbr0 netdev=eth0
   	;;
   *)
   	echo 'Unknown command: ' ${OP}
   	echo 'Valid commands are: start, stop, status'
   	exit 1
   esac
   

5. Make the script executable.

   # chmod +x /etc/xen/scripts/network-xen-multi-bridge.sh

6. Restart networking or restart the system to activate the bridges.

   # service network restart

1. 請​建​立​一​個​ dummy0 網​路​介​面​卡​並​為​它​指​派​一​組​靜​態​ IP 位​址​。​我​們​在​範​例​中​選​擇​了​ 10.1.1.1 來​避​免​在​我​們​的​環​境​下​產​生​路​由​問​題​。​若​要​啟​用​虛​擬​裝​置​支​援​，請​將​下​列​幾​行​附​加​至​ /etc/modprobe.conf

   alias dummy0 dummy
   options dummy numdummies=1
   

2. 若​要​為​ dummy0 設​定​網​路​作​業​，請​編​輯​/建​立​ /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-dummy0：

   DEVICE=dummy0
   BOOTPROTO=none
   ONBOOT=yes
   USERCTL=no
   IPV6INIT=no
   PEERDNS=yes
   TYPE=Ethernet
   NETMASK=255.255.255.0
   IPADDR=10.1.1.1
   ARP=yes
   

3. 請​將​ xenbr0 綁​定​至​ dummy0，如​此​一​來​就​算​未​連​至​一​個​實​體​網​路​，您​也​還​是​能​夠​使​用​網​路​作​業​。​請​編​輯​ /etc/xen/xend-config.sxp 並​使​其​包​含​ netdev=dummy0 這​個​項​目​：

   (network-script 'network-bridge bridge=xenbr0 netdev=dummy0')
   

4. Open /etc/sysconfig/network in the guest and modify the default gateway to point to dummy0. If you are using a static IP, set the guest's IP address to exist on the same subnet as dummy0.

   NETWORKING=yes
   HOSTNAME=localhost.localdomain
   GATEWAY=10.1.1.1
   IPADDR=10.1.1.10
   NETMASK=255.255.255.0
   

5. 設​定​主​機​中​的​ NAT 能​讓​客​座​端​存​取​網​路​，這​包​括​使​用​無​線​網​路​，並​且​可​解​決​ Xen 的​無​線​網​路​卡​上​的​問​題​。​以​下​ script 將​會​根​據​您​網​路​連​線​目​前​所​使​用​的​介​面​卡​來​啟​用​ NAT。​

1. 下​載​驅​動​程​式​

   The virtio-win package contains the para-virtualized block and network drivers for all supported Windows guests.
   If the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Supplementary channel entitlements are not enabled for the system, the download will not be available. Enable the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Supplementary channel to access the virtio-win package.
   Download the virtio-win package with the yum command.

   # yum install virtio-win
   

   The drivers are also available on the Red Hat Enterprise Linux Supplementary disc or from Microsoft (windowsservercatalog.com). Note that the Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization Hypervisor and Red Hat Enterprise Linux are created on the same code base so the drivers for the same version (for example, 5.5) are supported for both environments.
   virtio-win 套​件​會​在​ /usr/share/virtio-win/ 目​錄​中​安​裝​一​個​光​碟​映​像​檔​ virtio-win.iso。​

2. 安​裝​半​虛​擬​化​驅​動​程​式​

   我​們​建​議​您​在​附​加​或​修​改​某​個​裝​置​，以​使​用​半​虛​擬​化​驅​動​程​式​前​，先​在​客​座​端​上​安​裝​驅​動​程​式​。​
   對​於​儲​存​區​塊​裝​置​的​ root 檔​案​系​統​、​或​是​其​它​啟​動​客​座​端​所​需​的​區​塊​裝​置​來​說​，在​修​改​裝​置​之​前​必​須​先​安​裝​驅​動​程​式​。​若​驅​動​程​式​未​安​裝​在​客​座​端​上​並​且​驅​動​程​式​被​設​為​ virtio 驅​動​程​式​的​話​，客​座​端​將​無​法​啟​動​。​

過程 13.1. 若​是​ Windows 客​座​端​的​話​請​使​用​ virt-manager 來​掛​載​光​碟​映​像​檔​。​

1. Open virt-manager and the virtualized guest

   Open virt-manager, select your virtualized guest from the list by double clicking the guest name.

2. Open the hardware tab

   Click the Add Hardware button in the Hardware tab.
   

3. Select the device type

   This opens a wizard for adding the new device. Select Storage from the dropdown menu.
   
   Click the Forward button to proceed.

4. Select the ISO file

   Choose the File (disk image) option and set the file location of the para-virtualized drivers .iso image file. The location file is named /usr/share/virtio-win/virtio-win.iso.
   若​驅​動​程​式​儲​存​在​實​體​光​碟​上​的​話​，請​使​用​「​正​常​磁​碟​分​割​」​選​項​。​
   Set the Device type to IDE cdrom and click Forward to proceed.

   

5. Disc assigned

   The disk has been assigned and is available for the guest once the guest is started. Click Finish to close the wizard or back if you made a mistake.

   

6. Reboot

   Reboot or start the guest to add the new device. Virtualized IDE devices require a restart before they can be recognized by guests.

過程 13.2. Windows installation

1. Open My Computer

   On the Windows guest, open My Computer and select the CD-ROM drive.
   

2. Select the correct installation files

   There are four files available on the disc. Select the drivers you require for your guest's architecture:
   • the para-virtualized block device driver (RHEV-Block.msi for 32-bit guests or RHEV-Block64.msi for 64-bit guests),
   • the para-virtualized network device driver (RHEV-Network.msi for 32-bit guests or RHEV-Block64.msi for 64-bit guests),
   • or both the block and network device drivers.
   Double click the installation files to install the drivers.

3. Install the block device driver

   1. Start the block device driver installation

      Double click RHEV-Block.msi or RHEV-Block64.msi.
      
      Press Next to continue.

   2. Confirm the exception

      Windows may prompt for a security exception.
      
      Press Yes if it is correct.

   3. Finish

      
      Press Finish to complete the installation.

4. Install the network device driver

   1. Start the network device driver installation

      Double click RHEV-Network.msi or RHEV-Network64.msi.
      
      Press Next to continue.

   2. Performance setting

      This screen configures advanced TCP settings for the network driver. TCP timestamps and TCP window scaling can be enabled or disabled. The default is, 1, for window scaling to be enabled.
      TCP window scaling is covered by IETF RFC 1323. The RFC defines a method of increasing the receive window size to a size greater than the default maximum of 65,535 bytes up to a new maximum of 1 gigabyte (1,073,741,824 bytes). TCP window scaling allows networks to transfer at closer to theoretical network bandwidth limits. Larger receive windows may not be supported by some networking hardware or operating systems.
      TCP timestamps are also defined by IETF RFC 1323. TCP timestamps are used to better calculate Return Travel Time estimates by embedding timing information is embedded in packets. TCP timestamps help the system to adapt to changing traffic levels and avoid congestion issues on busy networks.

      Value	Action
      0	Disable TCP timestamps and window scaling.
      1	Enable TCP window scaling.
      2	Enable TCP timestamps.
      3	Enable TCP timestamps and window scaling.

      
      Press Next to continue.

   3. Confirm the exception

      Windows may prompt for a security exception.
      
      Press Yes if it is correct.

   4. Finish

      
      Press Finish to complete the installation.

5. Reboot

   Reboot the guest to complete the driver installation.

• 在​第​一​次​安​裝​ Windows VM 時​，請​使​用​ run-once（單​次​執​行​）選​單​來​將​ viostor.vfd 附​加​為​一​片​磁​碟​片​。​

  1. Windows Server 2003

     當​ windows 提​示​您​按​下​ F6 來​選​擇​第​三​方​驅​動​程​式​時​，請​按​下​ F6，並​依​照​畫​面​上​的​步​驟​進​行​。​

  2. Windows Server 2008

     當​安​裝​程​式​提​示​您​選​擇​驅​動​程​式​時​，請​點​選​「​載​入​驅​動​程​式​」​，將​安​裝​程​式​指​向​ A: 並​選​取​適​合​您​客​座​端​作​業​系​統​與​架​構​的​驅​動​程​式​。​

1. 以​下​為​一​個​使​用​了​虛​擬​化​ IDE 驅​動​程​式​、​基​於​檔​案​的​區​塊​裝​置​。​這​是​個​不​使​用​半​虛​擬​化​驅​動​程​式​的​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​的​典​型​項​目​。​

   <disk type='file' device='disk'>
      <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/disk1.img'/>
      <target dev='vda' bus='ide'/>
   </disk>
   

2. 藉​由​將​ bus= 項​目​更​改​為​ virtio 來​使​用​半​虛​擬​化​裝​置​。​

   <disk type='file' device='disk'>
      <source file='/var/lib/libvirt/images/disk1.img'/>
      <target dev='vda' bus='virtio'/>
   </disk>
   

1. 請​透​過​點​選​ virt-manager 中​的​客​座​端​名​稱​，來​開​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​。​
2. 開​啟​「​硬​體​」​分​頁​。​
3. 按​下​「​新​增​硬​體​」​按​鈕​。​
4. 請​在​「​新​增​虛​擬​硬​體​」​分​頁​中​，點​選​「​儲​存​裝​置​」​或​「​網​路​」​來​作​為​裝​置​類​型​。​
   1. New disk devices
      請​選​擇​儲​存​裝​置​或​基​於​檔​案​的​映​像​檔​。​請​選​擇​「​Virtio 磁​碟​」​來​作​為​「​裝​置​類​型​」​並​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​。​
      
   2. New network devices
      請​選​擇​「​虛​擬​網​路​」​或​「​共​享​實​體​裝​置​」​。​請​選​擇​「​virtio」​來​作​為​「​裝​置​類​型​」​並​按​下​「​下​一​步​」​。​
      
5. 請​按​下​「​完​成​」​來​儲​存​裝​置​。​
   
6. 請​重​新​啟​動​客​座​端​。​裝​置​可​能​要​在​ Windows 客​座​端​重​新​啟​動​後​才​能​被​辨​識​。​

1. Identify the device

   Identify the PCI device designated for passthrough to the guest. The virsh nodedev-list command lists all devices attached to the system. The --tree option is useful for identifying devices attached to the PCI device (for example, disk controllers and USB controllers).

   # virsh nodedev-list --tree

   For a list of only PCI devices, run the following command:

   # virsh nodedev-list | grep pci

   Each PCI device is identified by a string in the following format (Where **** is a four digit hexadecimal code):

   pci_8086_****
   

   Tip: determining the PCI device

   Comparing lspci output to lspci -n (which turns off name resolution) output can assist in deriving which device has which device identifier code.
   Record the PCI device number; the number is needed in other steps.
2. Information on the domain, bus and function are available from output of the virsh nodedev-dumpxml command:

   # virsh nodedev-dumpxml pci_8086_3a6c
   <device>
     <name>pci_8086_3a6c</name>
     <parent>computer</parent>
     <capability type='pci'>
       <domain>0</domain>
       <bus>0</bus>
       <slot>26</slot>
       <function>7</function>
       <id='0x3a6c'>82801JD/DO (ICH10 Family) USB2 EHCI Controller #2</product>
       <vendor id='0x8086'>Intel Corporation</vendor>
     </capability>
   </device>

3. Detach the device from the system. Attached devices cannot be used and may cause various errors if connected to a guest without detaching first.

   # virsh nodedev-dettach pci_8086_3a6c 
   Device pci_8086_3a6c dettached

4. Convert slot and function values to hexadecimal values (from decimal) to get the PCI bus addresses. Append "0x" to the beginning of the output to tell the computer that the value is a hexadecimal number.
   For example, if bus = 0, slot = 26 and function = 7 run the following:

   $ printf %x 0
   0
   $ printf %x 26
   1a
   $ printf %x 7
   7

   The values to use:

   bus='0x00'
   slot='0x1a'
   function='0x7'

5. Run virsh edit (or virsh attach device) and add a device entry in the <devices> section to attach the PCI device to the guest. Only run this command on offline guests. Red Hat Enterprise Linux does not support hotplugging PCI devices at this time.

   # virsh edit win2k3
   <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci' managed='yes'>
     <source>
         <address domain='0x0000' bus='0x00' slot='0x1a' function='0x7'/>
     </source>
   </hostdev>

6. Once the guest system is configured to use the PCI address, we need to tell the host system to stop using it. The ehci driver is loaded by default for the USB PCI controller.

   $ readlink /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:00\:1d.7/driver
   ../../../bus/pci/drivers/ehci_hcd

7. Detach the device:

   $ virsh nodedev-dettach pci_8086_3a6c

8. Verify it is now under the control of pci_stub:

   $ readlink /sys/bus/pci/devices/0000\:00\:1d.7/driver
   ../../../bus/pci/drivers/pci-stub

9. Set a sebool to allow the management of the PCI device from the guest:

   # setsebool -P virt_use_sysfs 1

10. Start the guest system :

    # virsh start win2k3
    

1. Identify the device

   Identify the PCI device designated for passthrough to the guest. The virsh nodedev-list command lists all devices attached to the system. The --tree option is useful for identifying devices attached to the PCI device (for example, disk controllers and USB controllers).

   # virsh nodedev-list --tree

   For a list of only PCI devices, run the following command:

   # virsh nodedev-list | grep pci

   Each PCI device is identified by a string in the following format (Where **** is a four digit hexadecimal code):

   pci_8086_****
   

   Tip: determining the PCI device

   Comparing lspci output to lspci -n (which turns off name resolution) output can assist in deriving which device has which device identifier code.
   Record the PCI device number; the number is needed in other steps.

2. Detach the PCI device

   Detach the device from the system.

   # virsh nodedev-dettach pci_8086_3a6c 
   Device pci_8086_3a6c dettached

3. Power off the guest

   Power off the guest. Hotplugging PCI devices into guests is presently unsupported and may fail or crash.

4. Open the hardware settings

   Open the virtual machine and select the Hardware tab. Click the Add Hardware button to add a new device to the guest.
   

5. Add the new device

   Select Physical Host Device from the Hardware type list. The Physical Host Device represents PCI devices. Click Forward to continue.
   

6. Select a PCI device

   Select an unused PCI device. Note that selecting PCI devices presently in use on the host causes errors. In this example a PCI to USB interface device is used.
   

7. Confirm the new device

   Click the Finish button to confirm the device setup and add the device to the guest.
   

1. Identify the PCI device

   Identify the PCI device designated for passthrough to the guest. The virsh nodedev-list command lists all devices attached to the system. The --tree option is useful for identifying devices attached to the PCI device (for example, disk controllers and USB controllers).

   # virsh nodedev-list --tree

   For a list of only PCI devices, run the following command:

   # virsh nodedev-list | grep pci

   Each PCI device is identified by a string in the following format (Where **** is a four digit hexadecimal code):

   pci_8086_****
   

   Tip: determining the PCI device

   Comparing lspci output to lspci -n (which turns off name resolution) output can assist in deriving which device has which device identifier code.

2. Add the device

   Use the PCI identifier output from the virsh nodedev command as the value for the --host-device parameter.

   # virt-install \
    -n hostdev-test -r 1024 --vcpus 2 \
    --os-variant fedora11 -v --accelerate \
    -l http://download.fedoraproject.org/pub/fedora/linux/development/x86_64/os \
    -x 'console=ttyS0 vnc' --nonetworks --nographics  \
    --disk pool=default,size=8 \
    --debug --host-device=pci_8086_10bd 
   

3. Complete the installation

   Complete the guest installation. The PCI device should be attached to the guest.

過程 14.3. Example: attaching a PCI device

1. Given a network device which uses the bnx2 driver and has a PCI id of 0000:09:00.0, the following lines added to /etc/modprobe.conf hides the device from dom0. Either the bnx2 module must be reloaded or the host must be restarted.

   install bnx2 /sbin/modprobe pciback; /sbin/modprobe --first-time --ignore-install bnx2
   options pciback hide=(0000:09:00.0)

2. Multiple PCI identifiers can be added to /etc/modprobe.conf to hide multiple devices.

   options pciback hide=(0000:09:00.0)(0000:0a:04.1)

3. Use one of the following methods to add the passed-through device to the guest's configuration file:

   • virsh (節 14.1, “Adding a PCI device with virsh” - Step 5);
   • virt-manager (節 14.2, “Adding a PCI device with virt-manager”); or
   • virt-install (節 14.3, “PCI passthrough with virt-install”)

過程 15.1. Attach an SR-IOV network device

1. Enable Intel VT-d in BIOS and in the kernel

   Enable Intel VT-D in BIOS. Refer to 過程 14.1, “Preparing an Intel system for PCI passthrough” for more information on enabling Intel VT-d in BIOS and the kernel, or refer to your system manufacturer's documentation for specific instructions.

2. Verify support

   Verify if the PCI device with SR-IOV capabilities are detected. This example lists an Intel 82576 network interface card which supports SR-IOV. Use the lspci command to verify if the device was detected.

   # lspci
   03:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
   03:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
   

   注意

   Note that the output has been modified to remove all other devices.

3. Start the SR-IOV kernel modules

   If the device is supported the driver kernel module should be loaded automatically by the kernel. Optional parameters can be passed to the module using the modprobe command. The Intel 82576 network interface card uses the igb driver kernel module.

   # modprobe igb [<option>=<VAL1>,<VAL2>,]
   # lsmod |grep igb
   igb    87592  0
   dca    6708    1 igb
   

4. Activate Virtual Functions

   The max_vfs parameter of the igb module allocates the maximum number of Virtual Functions. The max_vfs parameter causes the driver to spawn, up to the value of the parameter in, Virtual Functions. For this particular card the valid range is 0 to 7.
   Remove the module to change the variable.

   # modprobe -r igb

   Restart the module with the max_vfs set to 1 or any number of Virtual Functions up to the maximum supported by your device.

   # modprobe igb max_vfs=1
   

5. Inspect the new Virtual Functions

   Using the lspci command, list the newly added Virtual Functions attached to the Intel 82576 network device.

   # lspci | grep 82576
   03:00.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
   03:00.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Gigabit Network Connection (rev 01)
   03:10.0 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
   03:10.1 Ethernet controller: Intel Corporation 82576 Virtual Function (rev 01)
   

   The identifier for the PCI device is found with the -n parameter of the lspci command.

   # lspci -n | grep 03:00.0
   03:00.0 0200: 8086:10c9 (rev 01)
   # lspci -n | grep 03:10.0
   03:10.0 0200: 8086:10ca (rev 01)
   

   The Physical Function corresponds to 8086:10c9 and the Virtual Function to 8086:10ca.

6. Find the devices with virsh

   The libvirt service must find the device to add a device to a guest. Use the virsh nodedev-list command to list available host devices.

   # virsh nodedev-list | grep 8086
   pci_8086_10c9
   pci_8086_10c9_0
   pci_8086_10ca
   pci_8086_10ca_0
   [output truncated]
   

   The serial numbers for the Virtual Functions and Physical Functions should be in the list.

7. Get advanced details

   The pci_8086_10c9 is one of the Physical Functions and pci_8086_10ca_0 is the first corresponding Virtual Function for that Physical Function. Use the virsh nodedev-dumpxml command to get advanced output for both devices.

   # virsh nodedev-dumpxml pci_8086_10ca
   # virsh nodedev-dumpxml pci_8086_10ca_0
   <device>
     <name>pci_8086_10ca_0</name>
     <parent>pci_8086_3408</parent>
     <driver>
       <name>igbvf</name>
     </driver>
     <capability type='pci'>
       <domain>0</domain>
       <bus>3</bus>
       <slot>16</slot>
       <function>1</function>
       <product id='0x10ca'>82576 Virtual Function</product>
       <vendor id='0x8086'>Intel Corporation</vendor>
     </capability>
   </device>
   

   This example adds the Virtual Function pci_8086_10ca_0 to the guest in 步驟 8. Note the bus, slot and function parameters of the Virtual Function, these are required for adding the device.

8. Add the Virtual Function to the guest

   1. Shut down the guest.
   2. Use the output from the virsh nodedev-dumpxml pci_8086_10ca_0 command to calculate the values for the configuration file. Convert slot and function values to hexadecimal values (from decimal) to get the PCI bus addresses. Append "0x" to the beginning of the output to tell the computer that the value is a hexadecimal number.
      The example device has the following values: bus = 3, slot = 16 and function = 1. Use the printf utility to convert decimal values to hexadecimal values.

      $ printf %x 3
      3
      $ printf %x 16
      10
      $ printf %x 1
      1

      This example would use the following values in the configuration file:

      bus='0x03'
      slot='0x10'
      function='0x01'

   3. Open the XML configuration file with the virsh edit command. This example edits a guest named MyGuest.

      # virsh edit MyGuest
      

   4. The default text editor will open the libvirt configuration file for the guest. Add the new device to the devices section of the XML configuration file.

      <hostdev mode='subsystem' type='pci' managed='yes'>
            <source>
              <address bus='0x03' slot='0x10' function='0x01'/>
            </source>
      </hostdev>
      

   5. Save the configuration.

9. Restart

   Restart the guest to complete the installation.

   # virsh start MyGuest
   

過程 18.1. 在​啟​用​了​ SELinux 的​虛​擬​化​客​座​端​上​建​立​與​掛​載​邏​輯​卷​冊​

1. 建​立​邏​輯​卷​冊​。​此​範​例​在​名​為​ volumegroup 的​卷​冊​群​組​上​建​立​了​一​個​ 5GB 的​邏​輯​卷​冊​，名​為​ NewVolumeName。​

   # lvcreate -n NewVolumeName -L 5G volumegroup

2. 請​以​支​援​延​伸​屬​性​的​檔​案​系​統​（例​如​ ext3）來​格​式​化​ NewVolumeName 邏​輯​卷​冊​。​

   # mke2fs -j /dev/volumegroup/NewVolumeName
   

3. 建​立​新​目​錄​來​掛​載​新​的​邏​輯​卷​冊​。​此​目​錄​能​夠​位​於​您​檔​案​系​統​中​的​任​何​位​置​上​。​建​議​您​不​要​將​它​放​置​在​重​要​的​系​統​目​錄​中​（/etc、​/var、​/sys）或​是​家​目​錄​中​（/home 或​ /root）。​此​範​例​使​用​了​一​個​名​為​ /virtstorage 的​目​錄​。​

   # mkdir /virtstorage
   

4. 掛​載​邏​輯​卷​冊​。​

   # mount /dev/volumegroup/NewVolumeName /virtstorage

5. Set the correct SELinux type for a Xen folder.

   semanage fcontext -a -t xen_image_t "/virtstorage(/.*)?"
   

   另​外​，請​為​ KVM 資​料​夾​設​置​正​確​的​ SELinux 類​型​。​

   semanage fcontext -a -t virt_image_t "/virtstorage(/.*)?"
   

   若​使​用​了​目​標​政​策​（目​標​政​策​為​預​設​政​策​）的​話​，這​項​指​令​便​會​附​加​一​行​至​ /etc/selinux/targeted/contexts/files/file_contexts.local 檔​案​中​，這​將​可​保​留​變​更​的​一​致​性​。​附​加​的​一​行​看​似​：

   /virtstorage(/.*)?    system_u:object_r:xen_image_t:s0
   

6. Label the device node (for example, /dev/volumegroup/NewVolumeName with the correct label:

   # semanage fcontext -a -t xen_image_t /dev/volumegroup/NewVolumeName
   # restorecon /dev/volumegroup/NewVolumeName
   

1. 匯​出​您​的​ libvirt 映​像​檔​目​錄​

   請​將​預​設​映​像​檔​目​錄​新​增​至​ /etc/exports 檔​案​中​：

   /var/lib/libvirt/images *.example.com(rw,no_root_squash,async)
   

   依​照​您​的​環​境​需​求​更​改​主​機​參​數​。​

2. 啟​用​ NFS

   1. 若​ NFS 套​件​還​未​安​裝​的​話​便​將​它​安​裝​：

      # yum install nfs
      

   2. 在​ iptables 中​開​啟​ NFS 的​連​接​埠​，並​將​ NFS 新​增​至​ /etc/hosts.allow 檔​案​中​。​
   3. 啟​用​ NFS 服​務​：

      # service nfs start
      

3. 將​共​享​儲​存​裝​置​掛​載​在​目​標​系​統​上​

   在​目​標​系​統​上​掛​載​ /var/lib/libvirt/images 目​錄​：

   # mount sourceURL:/var/lib/libvirt/images /var/lib/libvirt/images
   

   來​源​與​目​的​地​上​的​位​置​必​須​是​相​同​的​

   無​論​為​客​座​端​選​擇​了​哪​個​目​錄​，在​主​機​與​客​座​端​上​都​必​須​是​相​同​的​。​對​於​所​有​類​型​的​共​享​儲​存​裝​置​都​必​須​是​如​此​。​目​錄​必​須​是​相​同​的​，否​則​遷​移​將​會​失​敗​。​

1. 驗​證​客​座​端​是​否​正​在​運​作​

   請​由​來​源​系​統​ test1.example.com 上​驗​證​ RHEL4test 是​否​正​在​運​作​：

   [root@test1 ~]# virsh list
   Id Name                 State
   ----------------------------------
    10 RHEL4                running
   

2. 遷​移​客​座​端​

   請​執​行​下​列​指​令​來​將​客​座​端​即​時​遷​移​至​目​的​地​ test2.example.com。​請​將​ /system 附​加​至​目​標​ URL 的​尾​端​來​讓​ libvirt 知​道​您​需​要​完​整​的​存​取​權​限​。​

   # virsh migrate --live RHEL4test qemu+ssh://test2.example.com/system

   一​旦​輸​入​了​指​令​之​後​，您​將​會​被​提​示​輸​入​目​標​系​統​的​ root 密​碼​。​

3. 等​待​

   遷​移​程​序​可​能​會​根​據​客​座​端​的​負​載​和​大​小​而​花​上​一​段​時​間​。​virsh 只​會​回​報​錯​誤​。​客​座​端​會​繼​續​在​來​源​主​機​上​執​行​直​到​完​全​被​遷​移​。​

4. 驗​證​客​座​端​已​到​達​目​標​主​機​

   請​由​目​標​系​統​ test2.example.com 上​驗​證​ RHEL4test 是​否​有​在​運​作​：

   [root@test2 ~]# virsh list
   Id Name                 State
   ----------------------------------
    10 RHEL4                running
   

1. 連​至​來​源​與​目​標​主​機​。​請​在​「​檔​案​」​選​單​上​選​取​「​新​增​連​線​」​，接​著​「​新​增​連​線​」​視​窗​便​會​出​現​。​
   請​輸​入​下​列​資​訊​：
   • Hypervisor：選​擇​ 「​QEMU」​。​
   • 連​線​：選​擇​連​線​類​型​。​
   • 主​機​名​稱​：輸​入​主​機​名​稱​。​
   點​選​「​連​線​」​。​
   
   虛​擬​主​機​管​理​程​式​將​會​顯​示​已​連​接​的​主​機​列​表​。​
   
2. 新​增​一​個​含​有​與​來​源​與​目​標​主​機​相​同​ NFS 的​儲​存​裝​置​ pool。​
   請​在​「​編​輯​」​選​單​上​點​選​「​主​機​詳​細​資​訊​」​，接​著​主​機​詳​細​資​訊​的​視​窗​便​會​出​現​。​
   請​點​選​「​儲​存​裝​置​」​分​頁​。​
   
3. 新​增​儲​存​裝​置​ pool。​請​點​選​位​於​視​窗​的​左​下​角​的​「​+」​按​鈕​。​接​著​「​新​增​儲​存​裝​置​ Pool」​的​視​窗​便​會​出​現​。​
   請​輸​入​下​列​資​訊​：
   • 名​稱​：輸​入​儲​存​裝​置​ pool 的​名​稱​。​
   • 類​型​：選​擇​「​netfs：網​路​匯​出​目​錄​」​。​
   
   點​選​「​下​一​步​」​。​
4. 請​輸​入​下​列​資​訊​：
   • 格​式​：選​擇​儲​存​裝​置​類​型​。​若​是​即​時​遷​移​的​話​，這​必​須​是​ NFS 或​是​ iSCSI。​
   • 主​機​名​稱​：輸​入​儲​存​裝​置​伺​服​器​的​ IP 位​址​或​完​整​網​域​名​稱​。​
   
   點​選​「​完​成​」​。​
5. 在​共​享​儲​存​裝​置​ pool 中​建​立​新​卷​冊​，請​點​選​「​新​建​卷​冊​」​。​
   
6. 請​輸​入​詳​細​資​料​並​按​下​「​建​立​卷​冊​」​。​
   
7. 以​新​建​的​卷​冊​來​建​立​虛​擬​機​器​，然​後​執​行​虛​擬​機​器​。​
   
   虛​擬​主​機​視​窗​將​會​出​現​。​
   
8. 請​在​虛​擬​主​機​管​理​主​視​窗​中​以​滑​鼠​右​鍵​點​選​虛​擬​機​器​、​選​擇​「​遷​移​」​，然​後​點​選​遷​移​位​置​。​
   
9. 點​選​「​是​」​來​確​認​遷​移​。​
   
   The Virtual Machine Manager displays the virtual machine in its new location.
   
   The VNC connection displays the remote host's address in its title bar.
   

1. Optional: Changing user

   Change user, if required. This example uses the local root user for remotely managing the other hosts and the local host.

   $ su -

2. Generating the SSH key pair

   Generate a public key pair on the machine virt-manager is used. This example uses the default key location, in the ~/.ssh/ directory.

   $ ssh-keygen -t rsa
   

3. Coping the keys to the remote hosts

   Remote login without a password, or with a passphrase, requires an SSH key to be distributed to the systems being managed. Use the ssh-copy-id command to copy the key to root user at the system address provided (in the example, root@example.com).

   # ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub root@example.com root@example.com's password: Now try logging into the machine, with "ssh 'root@example.com'", and check in: .ssh/authorized_keys to make sure we haven't added extra keys that you weren't expecting 
   

   Repeat for other systems, as required.

4. Optional: Add the passphrase to the ssh-agent

   Add the passphrase for the SSH key to the ssh-agent, if required. On the local host, use the following command to add the passphrase (if there was one) to enable password-less login.

   # ssh-add ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub

1. Start virt-manager.
2. Open the File->Add Connection menu.
3. Input values for the hypervisor type, the connection, Connection->Remote tunnel over SSH, and enter the desired hostname, then click connection.